Tuesday, May 19, 2020

Christopher Columbus, America, And The Colonialization Of...

Prior to 1492, Native Americans had already migrated across North America, established complex societies, and adapted to their environments in various ways. â€Å"They live according to their whims, and in complete freedom† (Taylor 87), said a Spanish invader of the simplistic Native American lifestyle. Agricultural practices and the cultivation of maize became prominent in the American Southwest, with centrality in present-day Mexico. The advancement of agriculture grew societies economically and dramatically in population. In the Great Basin and Great Plains of North America, Native Americans who inhabited these areas adopted a nomadic lifestyle. Due to a significant lack of substantial natural resources, their daily lives were labor†¦show more content†¦This exchange sparked the establishment of America’s stable economy, which thrived and survived because of Europes institution of commerce. Before Columbus’ entrance into the Americas, Europeans were unnecessarily losing profit from trading goods imported from Asia, and islands abundant in spices like Indonesia, China, and India, due to labor intensity and distance. With access to many sea routes, such as Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, and the Red Sea, creaky and unstable ships made safe shipment unguaranteed. Land routes, often utilized by caravans, stretched into Asia and the Arabian Peninsula, but didn’t asset Europe due to Muslim middlemen gaining profit along the routes. A historian analyzed the situation saying, â€Å"to obtain a more regular and predictable flow of wealth, the European rivals, needed their own colonies, where they might harvest precious minerals and tropical and semitropical crops..† (Taylor 66). Europeans thirsted for a profitable trade source, and the Americas were their solution. America’s crops facilitated European population growth, while America’s gold and si lver mines stimulated wealth. This â€Å"route† became a more accessible and profitable source of commerce for Europeans. Africa was soon brought into this pattern, providing access to cheap slave labor. The three continents formed an interdependent trade system. Africa contributed slaves, Europe supplied advanced technology,Show MoreRelatedCritical Analysis : Before 1492 1419 Words   |  6 Pagesquestions that are unanswered. Questioning how Columbus got â€Å"lucky† in the discovery of America or where race originated from, are some of the things I wondered as I read. Thinking about how different life could have been if even the slightest bit of history was changed is interesting. What if Africa discovered America? In the text, â€Å"Before 1492†, it states that other continents may have treated the Native Americans the same way if they came to America. Within Blaut’s text in Chapter 2, he focusesRead MoreNative American Literature King s A Coyote s Coyote1362 Words   |  6 PagesEvery culture has its traditions and folktales. Commonly, Native stories tend to make use of trickster figures to promote some sort of moral across. Coyote is one of the most frequent trickster figure amongst this narrative. This wild animal can at times be helpful, but more often than not his foolish and rash personality can meddle with the surrounding environment. Much like Zeus transformed into a swan in Leda and the Swan, Coyote could also change forms. Sometimes he’s an animal, other times he’sRead MoreOpen Veins Of Latin America By Eduardo Galeano Essay2023 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"Open Veins of Latin America† by Eduardo Galeano primarily focuses on historical events following the â€Å"discovery† and colonization of Latin America. This book however, unlike many others has very distinct and contrasting ideas. I n his historical piece, Galeano incorporates many peculiar ideas that have since caused controversy following the publishing of the book in the year 1973. As we examine the cover, the subtitle (â€Å"Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent†) gives us an antecedent of our

Super Sad True Love Story - 1410 Words

Super Sad True Love Story, America, next to of course god america i, and I, Too, Sing America, are all story/poems that in some form or another address the theme of American exceptionalism and patriotism. In each of the titles, it is established that America is not as revered as it once was or possibly could be and that change needs to take place. Through dystopian tales, satirical speeches and exaggerated ideals the authors of these works of literature try to identify the issues faced in American society. Super Sad True Love story is a novel set in a futuristic world that portrays America as a dystopia. The conditions of the country are horrible; the dollar is extremely unstable, literacy has gone down the drain, privacy is virtually†¦show more content†¦Similar to Marx, Ginsberg is against the idea of a small fraction of the people having significant control and power. Even though the poem is harsh on America, the goal of the author is not to shun or shame the country but try to better it. He is an extremely critical patriot trying to correct America’s flaws. e. e. Cummings’ next to of course god america i deals with the irrationality of blind patriotism and the manipulation of people for certain goals. The poem is largely one long sentence, an individual giving a speech in regards to patriotism halfheartedly. The author asserts how patriotism is being used as an excuse to justify and carry out potentially heinous deeds without any repercussions. In the beginning of the poem Cummings portrays patriotism as it is usually seen by using typical songs and phrases. Later on however, his tone changes and he becomes satirical and dark. He mocks individuals who â€Å"[do] not stop to think [but] die instead.† The speaker shows how the negative aspects of war are being disregarded due to patriotism being used to manipulate people into accepting detrimental ideas and actions. In regards to patriotism, Cummings asks the question â€Å"then shall the voice of liberty be mute?† This inquiry ridicules the narrow-minded idea that wh o so ever contests the traditional idea of patriotism is un-American. Unlike America by Ginsberg which addresses its problemsShow MoreRelatedSuper Sad True Love Story by Gary Shteyngart1301 Words   |  6 Pagesimagine this world being reality. In Gary Shteyngarts Super Sad True Love Story, this idea is reality. Everybody in the world has an à ¤ppà ¤rà ¤ti, and everybody knows everything about one another. But is knowing everything about your friends and neighbors really a good thing, especially when the world around you is crumbling because of this knowledge? Perhaps it isn’t. As Bertrand Russell, a British philosopher, once said, â€Å"In all affairs, love, religion, politics, or business, it’s a healthy idea,Read MoreSuper Sad True Love Story Essay694 Words   |  3 PagesNumber one: The Apparat. In the near future smart-phones evolved into a hand-held device that governs everything in your life from ranking your personality and appearance so that others know what to except of you to telling you all of major news that you absolutely have to know. So important is the device that it is essential that you wear your apparat around your neck at all times and if you are seen without the device or still carrying an older model, you are mocked. Shteyngart’s dystopian novelRead MoreSuper Sad True Love Story Takes A Look Into An Exaggerated1797 Words   |  8 PagesSuper Sad True Love Story takes a look into an exaggerated future of excessive hedonism and impulsiveness with a satirical touch that shows an ever so possible future. The issues made in the story can be easily grasped and understand through a Marxist reading of the main points of the story is centered on its economic turmoil and class division that is found throughout the book. To understand the story is to look through it as a Marxist critic as none as pertinent to understanding the informationRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Birthmark By Nathaniel Hawthorne1651 Words   |   7 Pages humans also desire the need to love and to be loved in return, which often leads to unhappy, bad, forceful relationships as expressed in â€Å"Living In Sin† by Adrienne Rich. Within our human lives we often desire to be labeled by who and what we are so we can know our place in this world; which is pointless because in the end death does not care who you were and â€Å"Color—Caste—Denomination—â€Å" by Emily Dickinson is an example of this. However, Super Sad True Love Story portrays humans who possess multipleRead MoreThe Importance Of Self Improvement And The Value Of Education942 Words   |  4 Pagesmy American story, I plan to share how I learned to appreciate the meaning of education, and the importance of improving and bettering myself. Guest presentations and readings of other American’s narratives this semester, such as the presentation by David Delizza, Gary Shtyengart’s novel Super Sad True Love Story, â€Å"The Narrative of Frederick Douglass†, and â€Å"The chicken in the hen house† by David Sedaris, all have made a further emphasis on aspects relevant to my life and my own story as an AmericanRead MoreThe Human Body Essay1590 Words   |  7 PagesThe human body prefers to follow the path of least resistance. For example, if a weightlifter stops lifting weights, his muscles will weaken. The same is true for the brain, if it is not exercised, it will begin to atrophy. As society is trending toward information that is basic and simple, the brain is changing in both its structure and its function. Specifically, the brain is no longer able to focus for a lengthy period of time. Reading is a complicated process. The parts of the brain that functionRead MoreLiking Is for Cowards. Go for What Hurts†1437 Words   |  6 Pagesuse. In general this subject is just super relevant to almost all young people. The 51-year old author wants to put the young people’s daily internet habits into perspective. He focuses on the bad consequences of what they are doing online. But before he starts criticizing and gets to his actual message, he starts with a personal story. This story is about him and his phone’s relationship, ex: â€Å"(†¦) in which my old Blackberry felt sad about the waning of my love for it – our relationship was entirelyRead MoreMovie Analysis : I Would Say It Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent stories all interwoven with each other. The person who helps tell each story and our protagonist is Oliver Fields, a 38-year old artist. We are shown his life now, he is alone and working as unfulfilling graphic artist. He lost his mother to cancer; immediately after that, his father tells him he is gay. Oliver struggles with the fact that his childhood was a fraud of sorts by the fact that his father hide who he was so long. Oliver watches and see as his father falls in love with a youngerRead MoreEssay Leaving Las Vegas1352 Words   |  6 PagesLeaving Las Vegas, directed by Mike Figgis and based on the autobiographical novel by John OBrien, is an emotional story about an alcoholic who rejects life and wants to drink himself to death in Las Vegas, and an unselfish prostitute who loves him the way he is. Ben, played by Nicholas Cage, was a former movie producer in Los Angeles and has obviously crumbled in the glamour world of Hollywood which is shown in the opening scene. Here Ben is already an alcoholic when he disturbs former colleaguesRead MoreHigh School Is The Best Four Years Of Your Life859 Words   |  4 Pagesto my middle school best friend named Tre. I never expected that I would date my best friend or even fall in love with him, and most of all get my heartbroken in the process. We were just two best friends who hung out together, but once we got into high school I then realized he had a lot of characteristics that I looked for in a boyfriend. He was tall, cute, light skin, athletic, super smart and nice. Plus he was hilarious and I m a sucker for a funny guy. I didn t mind us just being friends

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Assignment 3 Environmental Issues and the Industrial...

Module 1 Assignment 3 SCI201 Ecology and Environmental Sustainability Argosy University The Industrial Revolution, which took place in the 18th to the 19th centuries, was an era during which essentially uncultivated, rural societies in America and other countries became industrial and urban. Before the Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain during the late 1700s, construction was mostly done by using hand tools or basic machines. Mechanization marked a shifted to powered, special-purpose machinery, factories and mass production. The iron and textile industries, onward with flowering of the steam engine, played important roles in the Industrial Revolution, which also saw improved systems of transportation, communication and†¦show more content†¦The Clean Water Act (CWA) establishes the basic structure for regulating discharges of pollutants into the water of the United States and regulating quality standards for surface waters (Summary of the Clean Water Act, 2014). The Clean water Act made it wrongful to release any pollutant from a point source into ope n waters, without permission to do so. Even though the laws have been set up, enforcement of said laws has been lax. Although the Industrial Revolution precisely assembled the world we live in today, if we correct the mistakes in the past, we won’t have a world tomorrow. These Acts are still in effect in my state but not everyone follows. More people are dying from second hand smoke, which come from smoking of tobacco products. Some places need to be smoke free such as public parks and family areas. Most hospitals in my city are smoke free areas and that’s great. As far as water pollution in my state, everything isn’t all that perfect since Hurricane Katrina. While the industrial Revolution brought businesses to life and many people were able to get jobs, the cities became crammed with waste. Coal overwhelmed cities in so much some that harmed the lungs so thousands of people and ravaged the ozone layer the ozone layer. With all chemicals that come from plants b eing ran into the water caused water pollution and in the 20th century it was discovered that those pollutions lead to disease like cholera and typhoid. Not only was our air andShow MoreRelatedIndustrial Revolution : A Lesson Plan Essay2154 Words   |  9 PagesIndustrial Revolution Lesson Plan Context: This lesson is designed to be implemented in a high school World History class grades 9-10. The unit of study will be the Industrial Revolution focusing particularly on England. The lesson that focuses on environmental impact of the industrial revolution fits in on day 5 of what would be a 10 day unit. Preceding this lesson will be a general unit overview, causes of the Industrial Revolution, a study of early industrialization, a study of factories andRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Sparked Invention1349 Words   |  6 Pages ASSIGNMENT 1: PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING Mebin Mathews University of Wolverhampton 1227861 Introduction The industrial revolution sparked invention. Individuals and companies found new ways to make our lives easier. Even though the innovations help our everyday lives, we need to think about our future generations and what we are leaving behind for them. It is estimated that by 2050 we will run out of most of the metal resources. Metals are an essential part of us ourRead MoreDefinition Of Open Educational Resources1467 Words   |  6 Pagesand lecturers prefer using it because of the diverse information it provides from assignments, exams, course readings, simulations, quizzes, assessment tools and other resources useful for educational purposes (Educause, 2010). 2. INTRODUCTION For many countries coal mining is the most popular global economic activities. The demand influencing the rapid use coal as the source of energy, during the industrial revolution has created a huge demand for more coal to be extracted. Coal is a form of fossilRead MoreWritten Assignment : Three Environmental Problems1184 Words   |  5 PagesENVS1301 | Unit 7 | Written Assignment | Three Environmental Problems pg. 1 Three Environmental Problems UoPeople Student (Anonymous for Peer Review) Introduction to Environmental Sciences/1301 Kamala Dorsner (Instructor) University of the People August 5, 2015 ENVS1301 | Unit 7 | Written Assignment | Three Environmental Problems pg. 2 Three Environmental Problems If I was in a position of governmental power, the top three environmental problems I would focus on would be shifting to renewable energyRead MoreRoles And Activities Of Management Accounting Essay1568 Words   |  7 Pagesexternal informationfor decision makiing, such as: competitor price, market survey result, market shares, etc. Changing environment of Management Accounting in the last 60 years: Management accounting has been changing from time to time. From industrial revolution era until mid of 1980s, management accounting still emphasize on accuracy of production cost. But in mid 1980s, with changing of business environment, practitioner and academics have sought new techniques of approach in order to gain its relevancyRead MoreAccounting Theory Assignment 21710 Words   |  7 PagesMONASH UNIVERSITY SEMSTER 1 – YEAR 2011 AFW 3040 – ACCOUNTING THEORY BY: SARAH WONG Assignment 2 – 1500-word Essay Topic: How social and environmental reporting practices undertaken by companies highlight the limitations of the conceptual framework. Introduction: Accountancy has always been concerned with mainly the accountability of directors to shareholders and companies to creditors. As companies grow larger and become more integrated with the society, this call for a focus towards sustainabilityRead MoreFood Production And Its Effects On The World Essay1542 Words   |  7 Pageshigher earnings, which implies they will eat all the more, particularly meat. Expanding utilization of cropland for biofuels will put extra requests on our homesteads. So regardless of the fact that we take care of today s issues of neediness and access—an overwhelming assignment—we will likewise need to deliver twice as much to ensure sufficient supply around the world. What s more, that is not all. Agriculture is among the greatest contributors to global warming, emitting more greenhouse gasesRead MoreAir Pollution in Japan Essay3055 Words   |  13 PagesAbstract This assignment presents one of the major environmental issues in Japan, air pollution. The major causes and impacts of Japan air pollution will be addressed and highlighted in details; air pollution have its significant health implication on humans, as well as the environment, the effects and damages may extend beyond any measure of tolerance. Numerous sustainable solutions were proposed by the government or the individuals. This assignment discussed these different solution along withRead MoreCommunication Style Of A Man Who Is The Most Powerful Person1653 Words   |  7 Pagespoint where it is possible to deal with your relational abilities and by doing so enhance your personal satisfaction. To do critical analysis of communication style and skills the most important component is that we use to think critically. In this assignment I am going to focus the communication style of a man who is called the most powerful person in the world at present time the president of USA Barack Obama. The other personality that I chooses is the American business magnate and co-founder of MicrosoftRead MoreUnit 1 Economic Environment of Business14187 Words   |  57 PagesUNIT 1 ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT OF BUSINESS Objectives After studying this unit, you should be able to : †¢ Define what you mean by â€Å"environment† †¢ Classify the complex environmental variable on the basis of objective criteria †¢ Identify the critical elements of economic environment of business †¢ Analyse the interactions between economic and non-economic environment †¢ Explain the impact of economic environment on business management; and †¢ Illustrate your understanding of economic environment

John Stuart Mill s Utilitarianism - 1553 Words

John Stuart Mill begins the explanation of his version of Utilitarianism by replying to common misconceptions that people hold regarding the theory, and as a result describes his own theory more clearly. The main issue that Mill raises is that people misinterpret the word â€Å"utility† as in opposition to â€Å"pleasure†. However, utility is actually defined as pleasure itself and also the absence of pain. â€Å"Those who know anything about the matter, from Epicurus to Bentham, who maintained the theory of utility meant by it, not something contradistinguished from pleasure, but pleasure itself and the exemption of pain.† (Mill, Utilitarianism, Chapter 2) Mill continues by explaining that once this misunderstanding is corrected, those that comprehend utility, or ‘the greatest happiness principle’, appreciate that â€Å"actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness† (Mill, Chapter 2). By this account, pleasure and the absence of pain are the only things desirable as ends in themselves; the only inherently â€Å"good† things. Consequently, all other experiences and situations are merely desirable to the extent that they provide a basis or springboard for such pleasures. However, it is still important to understand that utilitarianism doesn’t simply require people to follow what makes them happy in a personal sense. Instead, in Mill’s theory morality is determined by the greatest happiness principle: a moral act is thatShow MoreRelatedJohn Stuart Mill s Utilitarianism1771 Words   |  8 Pages John Stuart Mill s Utilitarianism Throughout Philosophy, morality is a central component. Although, each scholar views the definition of morality differently, the common underlining theme is that of individuals striving to become better and think for themselves. Morality plays a big part in utilitarianism. Many philosophers have defined utilitarianism in a variety of different ways like Jeremy Bentham who believes an action is right if happiness is promoted and wrong if it reverse happiness, includingRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s On Liberty And Utilitarianism Essay2257 Words   |  10 PagesThis essay examines and inspects liberty and order conflict based on the writings of philosopher John Stuart Mill, titled On Liberty and Utilitarianism. We will discuss how his philosophical views on equality as fundamental to what it means to be human. We will interpret John Stuart Mill’s theorist view on equality as fundamental to the good or bad functioning of the state? The question and debate we would also raise will be, is equality be integral the arrangements of power? Lastly, we wouldRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Doctrine And Utilitarianism1802 Words   |  8 PagesThe approach that I strongly agree is the John Stuart Mill’s doctrine and Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is a moral approach that believes `` the supreme principle of morality is to produce as much happiness as possible`` (118). And ``There is in reality nothing desired except happiness`` (118). Utilitarianism evaluates the action according on the amount of happiness. The good action is the one that its result is the most desirable happiness. I choose this approach because I think, if every personRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Utilitarianism Essay1381 Words   |  6 Pagesresult of there being many different theories, some can overlap while others can vary greatly. The two most widely known theories, Utilitarianism and Deontological ethics, greatly conflict with each other. They differ mostly in what they value most, the outc ome vs. the action/motive. John Stuart Mill’s Utilitarianism itself differs from the original form of Utilitarianism created by Jeremy Bentham. Bentham felt that pleasure was wholly good, and that pain to the lone evil in the world, as he said, â€Å"NatureRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Utilitarianism1642 Words   |  7 Pagesa wide range of interpretations, as well as having no clear meaning. John Stuart Mill, an English philosopher, based his controversial sentiments of happiness on Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarianism, believing that goods are the means to greatest happiness for the greatest number of peoples. Epicurus, an Ancient Greek philosopher, who similarly encouraged people to follow his pleasure based philosophy to obtain happiness. Unlike Mill, Epicurus’ philosophy is based on individualistic hedonism, which oftenRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Book, Utilitarianism870 Words   |  4 PagesIn John Stuart Mill’s book, Utilitarianism (1863) he challenges many critics that are against his theory. One of which is the claim that Utilitarianism is a swine doctrine. They interpret the theory by saying a humans ultimate goal in life, is that of a swine; pleasure in the absence of pain. It is quite an understandable remark, but definitely is an over analyzed critique, in my opinion. Mill however replies to the critics in grave detail, defending his theory. Although many strengths and weaknessesRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Version Of Utilitarianism2088 Words   |  9 Pagespain is the only thing undesirable as an end. Everything else is good or evil as it tends to promote pleasure or pain*. I will argue that pain should be considered as a means as well as an end and show that this is consistent with John Stuart Mill’s version of Utilitarianism. Conjoining the consideration of pain as a means and the notion of association of ideas, I will give what I hope is a unique explanation as to why higher pleasures are so often considered supe rior to lower pleasures. Finally IRead MoreUtilitarianism And Its Flaws Of John Stuart Mill s Defends Utilitarianism Essay1307 Words   |  6 PagesEthics from a Global Perspective 7 December 2016 Utilitarianism and its Flaws John Stuart Mill’s defends utilitarianism, an ethical theory according to which, as he puts it, â€Å"actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness† (155 Ethics). In other words, actions are morally right if they make us happy and actions are morally wrong if they make us unhappy. Utilitarianism is an ethical theory in which an action is morally rightRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Moral Theory Of Utilitarianism1514 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Stuart Mill wrote on his moral theory of Utilitarianism, which many have refuted by explaining that it failed to respect the dignity and worth of human beings. Mills theory of utility bases an actions morality on its ability to create the maximum amount of happiness. Happiness as described by Mill, is the maximization of pleasure over grief. Some critics have even said that Mill’s theory degraded humans to swine as it belittled morals to come from pleasu res of the body that even animals hadRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Utilitarianism And Immanuel Kant s Categorical Imperative1487 Words   |  6 Pagesthemselves with, but two major categories of moral philosophy are the most popular and the most debated. These are John Stuart Mill’s Utilitarianism and Immanuel Kant’s Categorical Imperative. In looking at the three trolley cases, one can align themselves with either Mill, Kant or create their own perspective. Utilitarianism is defended by Mill in his writing entitled Utilitarianism. This method of deciphering good versus bad is rather simple. The Principle of Utility states that â€Å"Actions are

Preliminary Audit Plan Assessing Internal Control Risk Get Solution

Question: The engagement partner has requested a meeting tomorrow to discuss audit plan for MTI She has requested several documents for that meeting.1. A preliminary audit plan assessing internal control risk and providing preliminary judgment for detection risk.2. A description of specific substantive procedures that could be conducted for the WIP inventory.You are required to justify the audit plan by referring to theoretical grounds learnt from this unit. Answer: Preliminary audit plan assessing internal control risk: The control risk is the risk that there is a misstatement in the balances of the accounts or in the classes of the transactions. The material misstatement could be so material that it is incapable of being detected and corrected within the time period. The accounting and the internal control systems are incapable of detecting the misstatements. The internal control system is the system of the control wherein the management has to make sure that there is no misstatement in the financial statements whatsoever. Further, the system of internal control aims at ensuring that the business is conducted in an orderly and an efficient manner. The objective of an audit is to ensure that the internal control system is in place in the organization and it is capable of detecting the material misstatements and ensure that the financial statements represent a true and a fair picture of the financial position of the organization. The responsibility of the maintenance of the internal control system is of the management and the responsibility of commenting on the same is of the auditor. The internal control is way beyond the matters that are directly related with the function of the accounting system and consist of the following:1. Preliminary assessment of the control risk: it is the process through which the accounting and the internal control systems effectiveness is evaluated with regard to the detecting and correcting the material misstatements. There is some degree of the control risk that is always attached due to the presence of the inherent limitation of the accounting and the internal control systems.2. After an understanding of the accounting and the internal controls has been obtained, an auditors makes the preliminary assessment of control risk at the assertion level for each of the balance of the account or the class of the transactions.3. An auditor must assess the access the control risk at the higher levels for the few of the assertions when the following exists:4. When the accounting and the internal control systems are not at all effective5. When the evaluation of the accounting and the internal control system have been found to be ineffective and inefficient6. The preliminary assessment of the risk of the control would be regarded as to be high till the time an auditor is able to:7. Identify the internal controls that must be carried out and are relevant for the prevention and the detection of the material misstatement.8. The tests of controls must be so planned that they support the assessment, as per SAS 300.79. Even when the preliminary assessment of the control risk has been found to be successful, an auditor must not place his reliance on the same till the time, he has obtained a reasonable assurance that the internal controls are capable of detecting the material misstatement and rather had been functioning properly and within the entire period. The understanding of the control risk must be adequately documented10. The auditor is duty bound to documents all of the following:11. His understanding of the accounting and the internal control system12. The assessment of the control risk When an auditor is of the opinion that the control risk is very high, then he must document each and every thing in his working papers as to why he concluded that the control risk was high. And when he has concluded it, he must extend the different techniques that would help him in documenting the information with regard to the accounting and the internal controls systems. The identification and the selection of the techniques would entirely depend upon the judgement and the experience of the auditor. An auditor must use the combination or two or more techniques and must ensure that the techniques include the narrative descriptions, questionnaires, checklists and the flow charts. The types of the documentation would be dependent upon the size and the complexity of the organization and the nature and the timing of the accounting and the internal controls system of the organization. When the accounting and the internal control system is complex, then the auditor procedures to be perfor med will be more complex and then the documentation would be more extensive than otherwise. According to the assessments and the internal controls, when auditor has gained the evidences with regard to the procedures that could be performed in order to gain an understanding of the accounting and the system of internal control and concludes that the accounting and the internal controls systems are in place, then an auditor must assess the control risk at lesser than the high level. In the computerized environment, the tests of the internal controls will be very different from the procedures that will be performed in the manual environment. Some of the procedures of the audit will change though. An auditor would find it relevant to use the Computer Assisted Auditing techniques. The use of such techniques will include the techniques like file interrogation or the audit test data that may be appropriate when the accounting and the internal control system provides no evidence with regard to documenting the performance of the internal controls that are programmed into the computerized system of accounting. On the basis of the tests of the controls, an auditor must assess the internal controls that have been designed and have bene operating as the contemplated in the preliminary assessment of the control risk. The conclusion of the assessed level of the control risk may be revised when an auditor has evaluated the deviations. In such of the cases, an auditor will mod ify the nature, timing and the extent of the substantiative procedures that have been planned to be performed. The tests of control could include the following: 1. All the documents must be supported by the relevant transactions and the other such events so as to gain an understanding of the knowledge regarding whether the internal controls operate effectively and efficiently2. Inquiring about the observation of the internal controls that have no audit trail3. Re-performing the internal controls. Detection risk is the risk that the auditor will not be able to detect the material misstatements during the course of his audit term. An auditor must assess the detection risk and then use the substantitative procedures in order to minimize the risk of detection. He reduces the detection risk by deciding the nature, timing and the extent of the substantive procedures. Audit plan for the work in progress inventory: The following are the substantive tests that could be performed in respect of the inventories and the same must be compared with that of the last year and the industry averages. The following must be looked into: 1. Whether the ending inventory has been overstated2. Whether the sales have been overstated3. Whether the ending inventory have been understated4. Whether the variable selling costs have been overstated.The following are some of the factors that must be considered:1. Book to physical adjustment: this refers to the cumulative effects of the errors in the perpetual system as well as the shrinkage and the loss that is caused due to theft. This amount of loss must and only be accepted when the internal control system of the client is reliable.2. Turnover: the problem of obsolescence can be detected primarily through the slower amounts of the inventory.3. Individual reasonableness tests: the prices and the quantities of the individual items of the inventory must be assessed and must be compared with that of the last years.The physical observation of the inventory:1. SAS 1 requires the inventory to be valued at the lower of the market value or the purchase price.2. There must be a presenc e of the tags in the work in progress inventory. This is due to the following reasons:3. It will indicate the inventory that has been counted4. It will provide the written indication of the internal verification of the inventory and that too with accuracy5. It will provide the pre-numbered document for the tests to be conducted later for the existence of the compilation of the inventory.6. Test counts: this is done to ensure that the client knows as to what has been counted by the auditor so that no subsequent alteration could be made7. The pricing could be tested by ascertaining the quantities, description and the unit if measurementMonitoring the tag sequences: an auditor must use the tags so as to ensure that all the tags have been accounted for. This comes into play and this comes into play when the inventory of the client has to be determined that contains only the valid tags.1. The account balances in the accounts of the purchases, inventories and the cost of the goods sold mu st be compared with that of the previous years. The significant changes must be investigated. When the following ratios are computed, the figures are compared with that of the previous years so as to calculate the reasonableness of all the assertions:2. The classification of the inventory (raw materials, work in process, finished goods) as the % of the total inventory3. The gross margin at the level of the financial statements and by the product line4. The turnover of the inventory at the financial statement level and by the product line.The following plan must be followed in respect of the work in progress:1. The dates of the inventory observations must be taken in the record2. The location and the methods that have been adopted by the division so as to test the existence of each of the category of the inventory, such as the raw materials, work in progress, finished goods and consignments.3. The extent to which the physical inventory taking has been observed must be taken into reco rd4. The written instructions in respect of the inventory must be taken down and went through in detail and its clarity and adequacy must be assessed. The documents must be assessed and any suggestions must be incorporated in the same, whenever deemed necessary.5. Obtain the lists of the teams involved in the inventory count and ascertain as to whether the employees that are involved are capable of identifying the nature and the quality of the items and whether the persons from the various departments do not have any responsibility with regard to the movement, recording or the custody of the inventory. In case, the both 2 stated points are absent, then it will be necessary to revise the extent of the work that has been performed and ensure that the complete and the accurate inventory count is achieved6. Determine as to whether the lists of the inventory differentiates between the various stages of the work in progress. It must be ascertained that the information exists for the prope r identification of the inventory and the test counts of the inventory.7. Ascertain whether the procedures that are being performed are adequate to control the use of the tags of the inventory or the sheets are adequate and if not found adequate, then the division of the duties must be considered and the persons must be made responsible for the tag and the count sheet control, for the counting of the inventory and for inputting the tags and the count sheets into the records of inventory.8. Ascertain as to whether the procedures that have been established ensure a proper cut off.9. Evaluate the procedures to be performed during the time when the goods are received, when they are entered for production and when they are shipped.10. Ascertain whether any goods are there that are owned by the divisions in the custody of the others of the inventories that are owned by the premises of the other divisions.The following points must be clearly spelt out:1. Whether the control procedure of th e client is adequate?2. The control procedures that are used by an auditor is the blend of the physical examination of the goods, observation and inquiry.3. Whether the timing of the count is adequate?4. What all the locations where the inventory is kept?5. Whether an expert is needed to assist the count? When an auditor uses the services of the expert, he would consider the materiality of the inventory and the nature and the complexity of the items and the other such evidences that would be available to him.6. There must be a written plan that must be communicated to all the member of the staff7. There must be a proper arrangement of the items of the inventory8. The physical counting must be supervised by the internal auditors or the supervisory personnel that would re-count the inventory on the test basis9. The auditor must observe the procedures that are followed by the employees of the client10. Reconcile all the work in progress with the records that have bene maintained by the client11. The documentation of the inventory must be inspected and the external confirmation must be obtained from the third party such as the inventory that has been pledged as collateral.12. Ensure that all the work in progress actually exists and are in fact in the stage of production13. All the work in progress inventories are counted and are included in the balance of the work in progress and no other amounts have been included in the inventory of work in progress14. All the listings of the work in progress have been accurately compiled, extended, footed and summarized and the totals are correctly reflected in the accounts15. The cost of the inventory and the selling prices have been adequately valued16. The defective inventory has been properly removed from the work in progress inventory quantity in hand. References: Accountingweb.com, (2014). Auditing Special Purpose Frameworks: Auditing Inventories Part 2 | Accounting WEB. [Online] Available at: https://www.accountingweb.com/article/auditing-special-purpose-frameworks-auditing-inventories%E2%80%94part-2/223797 [Accessed 7 Feb. 2015]. All.net, (2015). [Online] Available at: https://all.net/books/audit/ASAP/invntry.txt [Accessed 7 Feb. 2015]. Business.baylor.edu, (2015). Audit plan for WIP. [Online] Available at: https://business.baylor.edu/charles_davis/courses/acc5317/.../wipplan.doc [Accessed 7 Feb. 2015]. Myweb.whitman.syr.edu, (2015). Physical inventory. [Online] Available at: https://myweb.whitman.syr.edu/rjelder/Acc476/Notes/CH21.doc [Accessed 7 Feb. 2015]. Nba.nl, (2015). Risk Assessments and Internal Control. [Online] Available at: https://www.nba.nl/hraweb/richtlijnen/2002/Bundel1/Eng/sectie_400_21-39.htm [Accessed 7 Feb. 2015]. novellaqalive2.mhhe.com, (2015). Substantive Tests of Transactions and Balances. [Online] Available at: https://novellaqalive2.mhhe.com/sites/dl/free/0074711709/90089/sample_ch10.pdf [Accessed 7 Feb. 2015]. Pcaobus.org, (2015). Auditing Standard No. 8. [Online] Available at: https://pcaobus.org/Standards/Auditing/pages/auditing_standard_8.aspx [Accessed 7 Feb. 2015]. Prasad, M. (2012). The components of audit risk. [Online] The Hindu Business Line. Available at: https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/features/mentor/the-components-of-audit-risk/article2910361.ece [Accessed 7 Feb. 2015]. www.frc.org.uk, (2015). www.frc.org.uk. [online] Available at: https://www.frc.org.uk/Our-Work/Publications/APB/SAS-300-Accounting-and-Internal-Control-Systems-an.pdf [Accessed 7 Feb. 2015]. www.hkicpa.org.hk, (2015). STATEMENT OF AUDITING STANDARDS 300 AUDIT RISK ASSESSMENTS AND ACCOUNTING AND INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEMS. [Online] Available at: https://www.hkicpa.org.hk/file/media/section6_standards/standards/sas300.pdf [Accessed 7 Feb. 2015]. www.icisa.cag.gov.in, (2015). INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ON AUDITING 400 RISK ASSESSMENTS AND INTERNAL CONTROL. [Online] Available at: https://www.icisa.cag.gov.in/Background%20Material/RISK%20ASSt%20AND%20INTNL%20CONTROL%20ISA_400.pdf [Accessed 7 Feb. 2015].

Product Development and Market Entry Decisions

Question: Discuss about the Product Development and Market Entry Decisions. Answer: Introduction Market expansion strategy is considered as one of the most vital strategies prevailing within the business of the firm that helps in generating the market expansion of the firm. narket research is necessary part of planning as it allows companies to find such vital information as what the main features of the market are and what potential customers want. There are several tools designed to help businesses develop successful marketing plans and use them in order to grow. Product market expansion grid was specified by the Ansoffs matrix (Reardon, Coe and Miller 2015). This market expansion grid is quite valuable for planning the expansion of the company. This analysis helps in analysing the projected path in which the organization would find it beneficial to expand its sales and business prospects. The aim of this report is to analyse the marketing strategies of Amazon Australia by framing a product market penetration grid strategy for the firm. The analysis focuses on the achieving the aims of the firms that would be beneficial for progressing the future prospect of the firm. The following report has contains a background of the firm that would introduce the abilities and achievements of the firm. It is followed by a brief introduction to the product market penetration strategy (Prior and Bowman 2014). Every strategy has been reciprocated in the report on the basis of the Amazon Australia. Background of the Company Amazon is considered as one of the most developed and expanded electronic commerce cloud computing company. This organization has been successful in expanding its business throughout the world, where it helps in accessing its customers with all kind of products. It has been successful in being one of the largest electronic commerce organizations with its headquarters in United States of America. Along with the retailing, business the organization has also been successful in producing their own branch of products such as kindle, Fire tablet, e readers, fire TV and echo. Amazon is considered as the worlds largest provider of cloud infrastructure that ascertains low end products in the market (Guze et al. 2014). The organization has been operating in 15 countries currently. This report would focus the market operations of Amazon restricted only to Australia. Market Expansion Grid Product market expansion grid was specified by the ansoffs matrix. This market expansion grid i S quite valuable for planning the expansion of the company. This analysis helps in analysing the projected path in which the organization would find it beneficial to expand its sales and business prospects. Various strategies together in this aspects are taken into consideration. In order to analyse the product market expansion grid, two factors are taken into consideration (De Waal 2016). These factors are the product and the market. The product of the firm could be A NEW INNOVATION OF THE ROGANZIATION OR AN EXISTING ONE. THE chosen market of the fri could also be either a new territory to be entered by the referred company or the existing one. The grid for market expansion has been focussing on these two factors that accounts to be most prior for a organization (Mukherjee et al. 2016). The strategies that are analysed using this framework are : Market development strategy Diversification strategy Market penetration strategy Product development strategy Among the four strategies listed above, market penetration strategy deals with the inclusion of a current existing product in the current market of the firm. Product development strategy analyse the strategies related to the introduction of new products in current existing market. Market development strategy deals with the introduction of the current products in the new markets for the firm and the last strategy, diversification strategy, deals with the introduction of new products in new markets (Grant 2016). The focus of this report is to analyse the product market expansion grid strategy to be analysed for Amazon Australia. Market Penetration Strategy Market penetration strategy is considered as an important market strategy that is analysed by the firms. It helps in framing the strategies that would help in raising the sales of the products that exist in the market, yet has not been successful in generating much sales in the market. They do not have the capability of attaining the demand of the consumers towards themselves. Hence, such strategies are framed that would be efficient enough to attract the demand towards themselves and generate revenue for the firm. Various ways are related to the adoption of such strategies that would be efficient enough to achieve the aim of the firm in relation to the demand for existing products in existing markets (Bertay, Demirg-Kunt and Huizinga 2013). One of the easiest way is to attract the customers of the firm by generating the advantages of the product, secondly it can also be done by attract the consumers of the rivals prevailing in the market. Amazon Australia has been quite popular in maintaining their strategies to thereby acquire the market power in the economy. to further stem their dominance i the country, the organization must enrol itself into certain websites that compare the prices of the products online. The organization must take the initiative of selling not only books, films and tv shows, yet it must also introduce its segments in launching new products on the retail segment of the market (Eckard et al. 2015). It must analyse its advantages in merging with certain brands that would sell their products only online through the use of Amazon website. this would help in attracting the consumers towards the organization and thereby increasing the sales and revenue generated in the long run. Market Development Strategy Market development strategy are helpful in expanding the market of the organization with respect to the adapting of the existing product of the organization n new markets. This helps in expanding the base of the firm and raising their market power by introducing their products in new forms of markets. Helps in generating sales and revenue of the firm. Market development plan could be done by changing the products characteristics in order to satisfy the demand of the new market consumers. There are several ways of entering the new market which may include geographical expansions (Dyer and Song 2015). Amazon Australia offers favourable market development terms by implementing its expansion in new geographies. market development strategies would enable the firm to introduce their existing products in new markets. this would help them in capturing new market share. Amazing Australia must aim at expanding their business all over the country as per their ability to pay. Amazon must introduce its major trends among the competitors of the new markets such as own produced books and electronic apps for reading books (Darkow 2015). Product Development Strategy Product development strategy is a useful strategy that helps in introducing a new product in the existing market. As per the change in the consumption style and demands of the consumer, it is quite beneficial for the organization to pertain flexibility in its systems. This would help the organization in adhering to the current needs of the consumers and raising its sales and revenue framework. The products that would be launched in the market, could be new or modifications of the existing products in the same market (Yuen 2014). The organization might also attract the consumers of the rival companies by implementing the introduction of certain products that the competitors have not been able to innovate so far. By doing so, the benefits to the organization would be quite appreciative in nature along with the provision of stability in the market. Product development has been considered as one of the major activities that have been undertaken by Amazon since its operational period. the organization has been successful in introducing certain products such as e-book reader Kindle, along with the tablet, Kindle Fire, designed and manufactured by Amazon itself to rival other tablets in the markets, mainly the iPad ofApple.these products must be promoted in the market of australia, where people have a wage rate. they spend more money in attaining the products of Apple, hence, amazon could be successful in providing the market consumers of the similar product, yet with cost advantageous factors associated. Hence, the organization would be efficient in analysing the prospects of the market and establishing stability in the country (Kang and Montoya 2014). Diversification strategy Diversification strategy is destined for the companies that are planning on the launch of new products into the market. Diversification can be achieved in the market in two ways concentric nd conglomerate. Concentric diversification would deal wit the strategies in which the company would operate in the related market and launch the products that would have similar characteristic with the products already being produced. This would provide the incentive for the fir to use the existing resources that are already present in the market. Conglomerate diversification is for the companies, which produce new products that are unrelated to the existing ones in the market (Bowen, Baker and Powell 2015). This strategy provides them with the opportunity to introduce a new as pectin the market. It accesses a greater associated risk with itself, yet, it carries a large proportion of profit along with it after being successful in launching the new product. Diversifying the products of the firm ha s to undergo certain risks and costs associated, yet it is quite beneficial in attracting the customer who were most awaited for the launch of such a product. Amazon takes the relateddiversification approach in which strategy development takes place beyond current products and markets, but within the capabilities orvalue network of the organisation.The firm has been flexibly promoting its new products and innovations throughout the markets. The Amazon must establish long term relationships with various strategic partners in Australia that would help them in establishing stable search generated engines. Amazon must analyse the application of effective economies of scope towards its resources. The company has a strong online base, which helps the firm in venturing into new markets through innovative online software that the chairman of the company has created. In order to formulate new markets with new products, the risk must be taken by such an appropriate company like Amazon (Weiss, Schneider and Lebid 2015). Amazon has the ability to capture new markets of gaming, books and music. It would be benefitted by the decisions taken due to its s trong base and abilities. Conclusion Market planning and penetration strategies are considered as an important aspect for organizations to expand their market share. Researching the criteria of the market would provide the organization with the initiatives to expansion the market. Amazon Australia has been quite efficient and appropriate in the years so far to analyse its business in the country by exploring new capabilities nd innovations in various sectors oif the country. The organization must enhance its market penetration, product diversified, market development and product development in the country that would help them in framing the efficient marketing framework. 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